题目
Psychologists have long been in disagreement as to whether competition is a learned or a genetic component of human behavior.Whatever it is，you cannot but recognize the effect competition is exerting in academics and many other areas of contemporary life. Psychologically speaking，competition has been seen as an inevitable consequence of human drives.According to Sigmund Freud，humans are born screaming for attention and full of organic drives for fulfillment in various areas.Initially，we compete for the attention of our parents.Thereafter，we are at the mercy of a battle between our base impulses for self-fulfillment and social and cultural norms which prohibit pure indulgence. Current work in anthropology （人类学） has suggested，however，that this view of the role of competition in human behavior may be incorrect.Thomas Hobbes，one of the great philosophers of the seventeenth century，is perhaps best remembered for his characterization of the "natural world，" that is，the world before the imposition of the will of humanity，as being "nasty，brutish，and short." This image of the pre-rational world is still widely held，reinforced by Charles Darwin's highly influential work，The Origin of Species，which established the doctrine of natural selection.This doctrine，which takes for granted that those species best able to adapt to and master the natural environment in which they live will survive，has suggested that the struggle for survival is an inherent human trait which determines a person's success.Darwin's theory has even been summarized as "survival of the fittest" — a phrase Darwin himself never used-further highlighting competition's role in success.As it has often been pointed out，however，there is nothing in the concept of natural selection that suggests that competition is the most successful strategy for "survival of the fittest." Darwin asserted in The Origin of Species that the struggles he was describing should be viewed as metaphors and could easily include dependence and cooperation. Many studies have been conducted to test the importance placed on competition as opposed to other values，such as cooperation — by various cultures，and generally conclude that Americans uniquely praise competition as natural，inevitable，and desirable.In 1937，the world-renowned anthropologist Margaret Mead published Cooperation and Competition among Primitive Peoples，based on her studies of several societies that did not prize competition，and，in fact，seemed at times to place a negative value on it.One such society was the Zuni Indians of Arizona，and they，Mead found，valued cooperation far more than competition.After studying dozens of such cultures，Mead's final conclusion was that competitiveness is a culturally created aspect of human behavior，and that its prevalence in a particular society is relative to how that society values it.（1）What does the author think is easy to see in many areas of contemporary life？ ____ A.The disagreement on the inevitability of competition.B.The consequence of psychological investigation.C.The effect of human drives.D.The impact of competition.（2）According to psychology，what do people strive to do following the initial stage of their life？ ____ A.Fulfill individual needs without incurring adverse effects of human drives.B.Indulge in cultural pursuits while keeping their base impulses at bay.C.Gain extensive recognition without exposing pure indulgence.D.Satisfy their own desires while observing social conventions.（3）What do we learn about the "natural world" characterized by Thomas Hobbes？ ____ A.It gets misrepresented by philosophers and anthropologists.B.It gets distorted in Darwin's The Origin of Species.C.It is free from the rational intervention of humans.D.It is the pre-rational world rarely appreciated nowadays.（4）What can we conclude from Darwin's assertion in The Origin of Species？ ____ A.ll species inherently depend on others for survival.B.Struggles for survival do not exclude mutual support.C.ompetition weighs as much as cooperation as a survival strategy.D.The strongest species proves to be the fittest in natural selection.（5）What conclusion did Margaret Mead reach after studying dozens of different cultures？ ____ A.It is characteristic of humans to be competitive.B.Americans are uniquely opposed to cooperation.C.ompetition is relatively more prevalent in Western societies.D.People's attitude towards competition is actually culture-bound.
Psychologists have long been in disagreement as to whether competition is a learned or a genetic component of human behavior.Whatever it is，you cannot but recognize the effect competition is exerting in academics and many other areas of contemporary life.
Psychologically speaking，competition has been seen as an inevitable consequence of human drives.According to Sigmund Freud，humans are born screaming for attention and full of organic drives for fulfillment in various areas.Initially，we compete for the attention of our parents.Thereafter，we are at the mercy of a battle between our base impulses for self-fulfillment and social and cultural norms which prohibit pure indulgence.
Current work in anthropology （人类学） has suggested，however，that this view of the role of competition in human behavior may be incorrect.Thomas Hobbes，one of the great philosophers of the seventeenth century，is perhaps best remembered for his characterization of the "natural world，" that is，the world before the imposition of the will of humanity，as being "nasty，brutish，and short." This image of the pre-rational world is still widely held，reinforced by Charles Darwin's highly influential work，The Origin of Species，which established the doctrine of natural selection.This doctrine，which takes for granted that those species best able to adapt to and master the natural environment in which they live will survive，has suggested that the struggle for survival is an inherent human trait which determines a person's success.Darwin's theory has even been summarized as "survival of the fittest" — a phrase Darwin himself never used-further highlighting competition's role in success.As it has often been pointed out，however，there is nothing in the concept of natural selection that suggests that competition is the most successful strategy for "survival of the fittest." Darwin asserted in The Origin of Species that the struggles he was describing should be viewed as metaphors and could easily include dependence and cooperation.
Many studies have been conducted to test the importance placed on competition as opposed to other values，such as cooperation — by various cultures，and generally conclude that Americans uniquely praise competition as natural，inevitable，and desirable.In 1937，the world-renowned anthropologist Margaret Mead published Cooperation and Competition among Primitive Peoples，based on her studies of several societies that did not prize competition，and，in fact，seemed at times to place a negative value on it.One such society was the Zuni Indians of Arizona，and they，Mead found，valued cooperation far more than competition.After studying dozens of such cultures，Mead's final conclusion was that competitiveness is a culturally created aspect of human behavior，and that its prevalence in a particular society is relative to how that society values it.
（1）What does the author think is easy to see in many areas of contemporary life？ ____
A.The disagreement on the inevitability of competition.
B.The consequence of psychological investigation.
C.The effect of human drives.
D.The impact of competition.
（2）According to psychology，what do people strive to do following the initial stage of their life？ ____
A.Fulfill individual needs without incurring adverse effects of human drives.
B.Indulge in cultural pursuits while keeping their base impulses at bay.
C.Gain extensive recognition without exposing pure indulgence.
D.Satisfy their own desires while observing social conventions.
（3）What do we learn about the "natural world" characterized by Thomas Hobbes？ ____
A.It gets misrepresented by philosophers and anthropologists.
B.It gets distorted in Darwin's The Origin of Species.
C.It is free from the rational intervention of humans.
D.It is the pre-rational world rarely appreciated nowadays.
（4）What can we conclude from Darwin's assertion in The Origin of Species？ ____
A.ll species inherently depend on others for survival.
B.Struggles for survival do not exclude mutual support.
C.ompetition weighs as much as cooperation as a survival strategy.
D.The strongest species proves to be the fittest in natural selection.
（5）What conclusion did Margaret Mead reach after studying dozens of different cultures？ ____
A.It is characteristic of humans to be competitive.
B.Americans are uniquely opposed to cooperation.
C.ompetition is relatively more prevalent in Western societies.
D.People's attitude towards competition is actually culture-bound.
Psychologically speaking，competition has been seen as an inevitable consequence of human drives.According to Sigmund Freud，humans are born screaming for attention and full of organic drives for fulfillment in various areas.Initially，we compete for the attention of our parents.Thereafter，we are at the mercy of a battle between our base impulses for self-fulfillment and social and cultural norms which prohibit pure indulgence.
Current work in anthropology （人类学） has suggested，however，that this view of the role of competition in human behavior may be incorrect.Thomas Hobbes，one of the great philosophers of the seventeenth century，is perhaps best remembered for his characterization of the "natural world，" that is，the world before the imposition of the will of humanity，as being "nasty，brutish，and short." This image of the pre-rational world is still widely held，reinforced by Charles Darwin's highly influential work，The Origin of Species，which established the doctrine of natural selection.This doctrine，which takes for granted that those species best able to adapt to and master the natural environment in which they live will survive，has suggested that the struggle for survival is an inherent human trait which determines a person's success.Darwin's theory has even been summarized as "survival of the fittest" — a phrase Darwin himself never used-further highlighting competition's role in success.As it has often been pointed out，however，there is nothing in the concept of natural selection that suggests that competition is the most successful strategy for "survival of the fittest." Darwin asserted in The Origin of Species that the struggles he was describing should be viewed as metaphors and could easily include dependence and cooperation.
Many studies have been conducted to test the importance placed on competition as opposed to other values，such as cooperation — by various cultures，and generally conclude that Americans uniquely praise competition as natural，inevitable，and desirable.In 1937，the world-renowned anthropologist Margaret Mead published Cooperation and Competition among Primitive Peoples，based on her studies of several societies that did not prize competition，and，in fact，seemed at times to place a negative value on it.One such society was the Zuni Indians of Arizona，and they，Mead found，valued cooperation far more than competition.After studying dozens of such cultures，Mead's final conclusion was that competitiveness is a culturally created aspect of human behavior，and that its prevalence in a particular society is relative to how that society values it.
（1）What does the author think is easy to see in many areas of contemporary life？ ____
A.The disagreement on the inevitability of competition.
B.The consequence of psychological investigation.
C.The effect of human drives.
D.The impact of competition.
（2）According to psychology，what do people strive to do following the initial stage of their life？ ____
A.Fulfill individual needs without incurring adverse effects of human drives.
B.Indulge in cultural pursuits while keeping their base impulses at bay.
C.Gain extensive recognition without exposing pure indulgence.
D.Satisfy their own desires while observing social conventions.
（3）What do we learn about the "natural world" characterized by Thomas Hobbes？ ____
A.It gets misrepresented by philosophers and anthropologists.
B.It gets distorted in Darwin's The Origin of Species.
C.It is free from the rational intervention of humans.
D.It is the pre-rational world rarely appreciated nowadays.
（4）What can we conclude from Darwin's assertion in The Origin of Species？ ____
A.ll species inherently depend on others for survival.
B.Struggles for survival do not exclude mutual support.
C.ompetition weighs as much as cooperation as a survival strategy.
D.The strongest species proves to be the fittest in natural selection.
（5）What conclusion did Margaret Mead reach after studying dozens of different cultures？ ____
A.It is characteristic of humans to be competitive.
B.Americans are uniquely opposed to cooperation.
C.ompetition is relatively more prevalent in Western societies.
D.People's attitude towards competition is actually culture-bound.
题目解答
答案
（1）细节理解题。根据第一段中的Psychologists have long been in disagreement as to whether competition is a learned or a genetic component of human behavior.Whatever it is，you cannot but recognize the effect competition is exerting in academics and many other areas of contemporary life.（心理学家们长期以来一直存在分歧，争论不休：竞争行为是人类后天习得的，还是与生俱来的遗传特征所决定的。不管竞争是先天的还是后天的，你都不得不承认竞争在学术领域和当代生活的许多其他方面所产生的影响。）可知，作者认为在当代生活的诸多领域，竞争所带来的影响是显而易见的。故选D。
（2）推理判断题。根据第二段中的Thereafter，we are at the mercy of a battle between our base impulses for self-fulfillment and social and cultural norms which prohibit pure indulgence.（此后，我们便受制于追求自我实现的原始冲动与禁止纯粹放纵的社会文化规范之间的斗争。）可知，心理学认为在人生初始阶段之后，人们会在满足自身欲望的同时，遵守社会的相关规范。故选D。
（3）细节理解题。根据第三段中的Thomas Hobbes，one of the great philosophers of the seventeenth century，is perhaps best remembered for his characterization of the "natural world，" that is，the world before the imposition of the will of humanity，as being "nasty，brutish，and short."（十七世纪的伟大哲学家之一托马斯•霍布斯，或许最令人铭记的是他将"自然世界"——即人类意志施加之前的世界——描述为"肮脏、粗野且短暂的"。）可知，托马斯•霍布斯所描绘的"自然世界"是未受到人类理性干预的世界。故选C。
（4）推理判断题。根据第三段中的Darwin asserted in The Origin of Species that the struggles he was describing should be viewed as metaphors and could easily include dependence and cooperation.（达尔文在《物种起源》中声称，他所描述的生存斗争应被视为一种隐喻，其中也完全可以包含相互依赖与合作。）可知，达尔文认为生存斗争并不排斥相互扶持与合作。故选B。
（5）细节理解题。根据第四段中的One such society was the Zuni Indians of Arizona，and they，Mead found，valued cooperation far more than competition.After studying dozens of such cultures，Mead's final conclusion was that competitiveness is a culturally created aspect of human behavior，and that its prevalence in a particular society is relative to how that society values it.（亚利桑那州的祖尼印第安人就是这样的一个民族。米德发现，他们更重视合作，而非竞争。在研究了数十种这样的文化后，米德得出的最终结论是，竞争性是人类行为中由文化塑造的一面，它在某一特定社会中的普及程度与该社会对它的重视程度相关。）可知，玛格丽特•米德的研究结论是人们对竞争的态度实际上受文化的制约。故选D。
（2）推理判断题。根据第二段中的Thereafter，we are at the mercy of a battle between our base impulses for self-fulfillment and social and cultural norms which prohibit pure indulgence.（此后，我们便受制于追求自我实现的原始冲动与禁止纯粹放纵的社会文化规范之间的斗争。）可知，心理学认为在人生初始阶段之后，人们会在满足自身欲望的同时，遵守社会的相关规范。故选D。
（3）细节理解题。根据第三段中的Thomas Hobbes，one of the great philosophers of the seventeenth century，is perhaps best remembered for his characterization of the "natural world，" that is，the world before the imposition of the will of humanity，as being "nasty，brutish，and short."（十七世纪的伟大哲学家之一托马斯•霍布斯，或许最令人铭记的是他将"自然世界"——即人类意志施加之前的世界——描述为"肮脏、粗野且短暂的"。）可知，托马斯•霍布斯所描绘的"自然世界"是未受到人类理性干预的世界。故选C。
（4）推理判断题。根据第三段中的Darwin asserted in The Origin of Species that the struggles he was describing should be viewed as metaphors and could easily include dependence and cooperation.（达尔文在《物种起源》中声称，他所描述的生存斗争应被视为一种隐喻，其中也完全可以包含相互依赖与合作。）可知，达尔文认为生存斗争并不排斥相互扶持与合作。故选B。
（5）细节理解题。根据第四段中的One such society was the Zuni Indians of Arizona，and they，Mead found，valued cooperation far more than competition.After studying dozens of such cultures，Mead's final conclusion was that competitiveness is a culturally created aspect of human behavior，and that its prevalence in a particular society is relative to how that society values it.（亚利桑那州的祖尼印第安人就是这样的一个民族。米德发现，他们更重视合作，而非竞争。在研究了数十种这样的文化后，米德得出的最终结论是，竞争性是人类行为中由文化塑造的一面，它在某一特定社会中的普及程度与该社会对它的重视程度相关。）可知，玛格丽特•米德的研究结论是人们对竞争的态度实际上受文化的制约。故选D。