D-|||-There are plenty of good reasons for a young person to choose to go to university:-|||-intellectual growth,carecroportinities fun.Around half of school-leavers in-|||-the rich world now do so,and the share is rising in poorer countries,too.-|||-Governments are keen on higher education,seeing i means to increase social-|||-mobility and economic growth. But they tend to overestimate the benefits and ignore-|||-the costs of expanding university educ Often,public money just feeds the arms-|||-race for qualifications.-|||-As more young people seek degrees,the returns both to them and to governments-|||-arelower. Employers deman degrees for jobs that never required them in the past and-|||-have not become more demanding since.In a desperate attempt to stand out,students-|||-are studying even longer,and delaying work,to obtain master`s degrees.-|||-Spending on universities is usually justified by the"graduate premium"-the-|||-increase in earnings that graduates enjoy over non-graduates.These individual gains,-|||-the thinking goes,add up to an economic increase for society as a whole. But the-|||-graduate premium is a flawed unit of calculating. Part of the usefulness of a degree is-|||-that it gives a graduate jobseeker an advantage at the expense of non-graduates. It is-|||-also a signal to employers of general qualities,such as intelligence and diligence,that-|||-someone already has in order to get into a university.Some professions require-|||-qualifications.But a degree is not always the best measure of the skills and knowledge-|||-needed for a job.With degrees so common,recruiters are using them as a simple way to-|||-evaluate applicants.Nom graduates are thus increasingly locked out of nice work.-|||-In any case,the premium counts only the winners and not the losers. Across the-|||-rich world,a third of university students never graduate.It is the weakest students who-|||-are drawn in as higher education expands and who are most likely to drop out.They-|||-pay fee sand sacrifice earnings to study,but see little increase in their future incomes.-|||-When dropouts are included,the expected financial return to starting a degree for the-|||-weakest students shrinks to almost nothing.Many school-leavers are being misled-|||-about the probable value of university.-|||-Governments need to offer the young a wider range of options after school. They-|||-should start by rethinking their own hiring practices. Most insist on degrees for public--|||-sector jobs that used to be done by non-graduates,including nursi primary-school-|||-teaching and many civil-service posts.Instead,they should seek other ways for-|||-non-graduates to prove they have the right skills and to get more on-the-job training.-|||-School-leavers should be given a wider variety of ways to gain job skills and to-|||-denonstratethere employab the private sector. If school qualifications wer made-|||-more strict,employers wou be more likely to trust them as signals of ability,and less-|||-insistent on degrees.Universities should grant credits to dropouts for the parts of-|||-courses they have completed. They could also open their exams to anyone who wants to-|||-take them,and award degrees to those who succeed.-|||-Such measures would be more efficient at developing the skills that increase-|||-productivity and should save public money.To promote social mobility ,governments-|||-would do better to directing funds to earlysschooleducation helping students who-|||-would benefit from university but cannot afford it.Young people,both rich and poor,-|||-are ill-served by the arms race in academic qualification in which each must study-|||-longer because that is what all the rest are doing.It is time to disarm.-|||-72.How does the author consider higher education?-|||-A.It`s a good way to raise students`social status.-|||-B.It definitely benefits the development of econom-|||-C.It will amply reward individuals and governments.-|||-D.It`s a waste of money for some students and taxpayers.-|||-73.What does the underlined word"them"in Paragraph 3 refer to?D-|||-There are plenty of good reasons for a young person to choose to go to university:-|||-intellectual growth,carecroportinities fun.Around half of school-leavers in-|||-the rich world now do so,and the share is rising in poorer countries,too.-|||-Governments are keen on higher education,seeing i means to increase social-|||-mobility and economic growth. But they tend to overestimate the benefits and ignore-|||-the costs of expanding university educ Often,public money just feeds the arms-|||-race for qualifications.-|||-As more young people seek degrees,the returns both to them and to governments-|||-arelower. Employers deman degrees for jobs that never required them in the past and-|||-have not become more demanding since.In a desperate attempt to stand out,students-|||-are studying even longer,and delaying work,to obtain master`s degrees.-|||-Spending on universities is usually justified by the"graduate premium"-the-|||-increase in earnings that graduates enjoy over non-graduates.These individual gains,-|||-the thinking goes,add up to an economic increase for society as a whole. But the-|||-graduate premium is a flawed unit of calculating. Part of the usefulness of a degree is-|||-that it gives a graduate jobseeker an advantage at the expense of non-graduates. It is-|||-also a signal to employers of general qualities,such as intelligence and diligence,that-|||-someone already has in order to get into a university.Some professions require-|||-qualifications.But a degree is not always the best measure of the skills and knowledge-|||-needed for a job.With degrees so common,recruiters are using them as a simple way to-|||-evaluate applicants.Nom graduates are thus increasingly locked out of nice work.-|||-In any case,the premium counts only the winners and not the losers. Across the-|||-rich world,a third of university students never graduate.It is the weakest students who-|||-are drawn in as higher education expands and who are most likely to drop out.They-|||-pay fee sand sacrifice earnings to study,but see little increase in their future incomes.-|||-When dropouts are included,the expected financial return to starting a degree for the-|||-weakest students shrinks to almost nothing.Many school-leavers are being misled-|||-about the probable value of university.-|||-Governments need to offer the young a wider range of options after school. They-|||-should start by rethinking their own hiring practices. Most insist on degrees for public--|||-sector jobs that used to be done by non-graduates,including nursi primary-school-|||-teaching and many civil-service posts.Instead,they should seek other ways for-|||-non-graduates to prove they have the right skills and to get more on-the-job training.-|||-School-leavers should be given a wider variety of ways to gain job skills and to-|||-denonstratethere employab the private sector. If school qualifications wer made-|||-more strict,employers wou be more likely to trust them as signals of ability,and less-|||-insistent on degrees.Universities should grant credits to dropouts for the parts of-|||-courses they have completed. They could also open their exams to anyone who wants to-|||-take them,and award degrees to those who succeed.-|||-Such measures would be more efficient at developing the skills that increase-|||-productivity and should save public money.To promote social mobility ,governments-|||-would do better to directing funds to earlysschooleducation helping students who-|||-would benefit from university but cannot afford it.Young people,both rich and poor,-|||-are ill-served by the arms race in academic qualification in which each must study-|||-longer because that is what all the rest are doing.It is time to disarm.-|||-72.How does the author consider higher education?-|||-A.It`s a good way to raise students`social status.-|||-B.It definitely benefits the development of econom-|||-C.It will amply reward individuals and governments.-|||-D.It`s a waste of money for some students and taxpayers.-|||-73.What does the underlined word"them"in Paragraph 3 refer to?