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Why are prefixes and suffixes divided according to different criteria?Prefixes: located before the base word,Suffixes: located after the base word,

Why are prefixes and suffixes divided according to different criteria? Prefixes: located before the base word, Suffixes: located after the base word,

题目解答

答案

这个问题是在问为什么**前缀(prefixes)**和**后缀(suffixes)**要根据**不同的标准**来划分。题目中还给出了两个定义: - 前缀:位于词根(base word)**之前** - 后缀:位于词根(base word)**之后** --- ### 一、理解题意 题目实际上是在问:**为什么前缀和后缀要按照它们在词根前后的位置来区分?** 换句话说,为什么我们要把词缀(affixes)分成“前缀”和“后缀”两类,而不是用别的标准,比如功能、语义、词性变化等? --- ### 二、分析前缀和后缀的定义 前缀(prefix)和后缀(suffix)是英语构词法中的两种主要词缀类型,它们在词中的**位置不同**,这是它们最直观、最基础的区别。 #### 1. 位置标准(Positional criterion) - 前缀:**加在词根前面** 例如:**un-**happy(不快乐),**re-**write(重写) - 后缀:**加在词根后面** 例如:happ**y**,happ**iness** 位置标准是最直接、最容易观察和分类的标准。这种分类方式具有**客观性**和**系统性**,便于语言学习者和研究者理解和使用。 #### 2. 功能标准(Functional criterion) 虽然前缀和后缀在功能上也有区别,例如: - 前缀常改变词义(un-表示否定,re-表示重复) - 后缀常改变词性(-ness表示名词,-ly表示副词) 但功能并不是绝对的。例如: - 前缀 **en-** 有时会改变词性(如:enlarge 使变大) - 后缀 **-er** 有时也只表示动作执行者(teacher, worker),并不一定改变词义 因此,**功能标准不如位置标准清晰、稳定**。 --- ### 三、为什么用不同标准来划分? 因为: 1. **位置标准更直观、稳定**,便于教学和语言分析。 2. **功能标准可能重叠或模糊**,不同词缀可能实现相同功能。 3. **语言学中分类需要明确、可操作的标准**,位置是最基本、最可靠的标准之一。 --- ### 四、总结答案 **前缀和后缀按照位置(即在词根前或后)来划分,是因为位置是最直观、最稳定、最容易观察的分类标准。虽然它们在功能上也有区别,但功能可能重叠或模糊,不如位置标准清晰。因此,语言学中采用位置作为划分前缀和后缀的主要依据。** --- ### 最终答案: $$ \boxed{前缀和后缀按其在词根前后的位置划分,因为位置是最直观、稳定且便于观察的分类标准,而功能标准可能重叠或模糊。} $$

解析

考查要点:本题主要考查对前缀(prefixes)和后缀(suffixes)分类标准的理解,以及不同分类标准之间的对比。

解题核心思路:

  1. 明确前缀和后缀的定义,抓住它们在词根中的位置差异。
  2. 对比其他可能的分类标准(如功能、语义等),分析为何位置是更优的划分依据。
  3. 结合语言学分类的客观性、稳定性需求,总结位置标准的优势。

破题关键点:

  • 位置标准的直观性:前缀和后缀的位置差异是最直接、最易观察的特征。
  • 功能标准的局限性:功能可能重叠或模糊,无法作为稳定分类依据。

一、前缀和后缀的定义与位置标准

  1. 前缀:位于词根前,例如:
    • un-(否定):unhappy(不快乐)
    • re-(重复):rewrite(重写)
  2. 后缀:位于词根后,例如:
    • -ness(名词化):happiness(快乐)
    • -ly(副词化):happily(快乐地)

位置标准的优势:

  • 客观性:位置是物理性的存在,无需主观判断。
  • 系统性:所有词缀均可按位置明确分类,无例外。

二、功能标准的局限性

  1. 前缀的功能:
    • 主要改变词义(如否定、重复),但部分前缀(如en-)也可改变词性(enlarge:动词→使变大)。
  2. 后缀的功能:
    • 主要改变词性,但部分后缀(如-er)仅表示动作执行者(teacher、worker),不改变词性。

结论:功能标准存在重叠和模糊,无法作为独立分类依据。

三、语言学分类的需求

  1. 明确性:分类标准需清晰、可操作。
  2. 稳定性:位置标准不会因词缀功能变化而失效。
  3. 教学便利性:位置标准便于学生记忆和应用。

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