题目
In the 1960s，Douglas McGregor，one of the key thinkers in the art of management，developed the mow famous Theory X and Theory Y．Theory X is the idea that people instinctively （51） ____ work and will do anything to avoid it．Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work．In any case，despite so much evidence to the （52） ____ ，many managers still agree to Theory X．They believe，（53） ____ ，that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively，or that decisions must be imposed from （54） ____ without consultation．This，of course，makes for authoritarian （专制的） managers．Different cultures have different ways of （55） ____ people．Unlike authoritarian management，some cultures，particularly in Asia，are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making-all members of the department or work group are asked to （56） ____ to this process．This is management by the collective opinion．Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things，which are based on general （57） ____ ．Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional （58） ____ managers cannot．A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative，to make decisions on their own without（59） ____ managers first．This empowerment （授权） has been part of the trend towards downsizing：（60） ____ the number of management layers in companies．After de-layering in this way，a company may be （61） ____ with just a top level of senior managers，front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public．Empowerment takes the idea of delegation （委托） much further than has （62） ____ been the case．Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to （63） ____ that the overall business plan is being followed，and that operations become more profitable under the new organization，rather than less．Another trend is off-site or （64） ____ management，where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses．Project managers evaluate the （65） ____ of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects，rather than the amount of time they spend on them． 51．A．desire B．seek C．lose D．dislike 52．A．contrary B．expectation C．degree D．extreme 53．A．vice versa B．for example C．however D．otherwise 54．A．outside B．inside C．below D．above 55．A．replacing B．assessing C．managing D．encouraging 56．A．refer B．contribute C．object D．apply 57．A．agreement B．practice C．election D．impression 58．A．bossy B．experienced C．western D．male 59．A．asking B．training C．warning D．firing 60．A．doubling B．maintaining C．reducing D．estimating 61．A．honoured B．left C．crowded D．compared 62．A．economically B．traditionally C．inadequately D．occasionally 63．A．deny B．admit C．assume D．ensure 64．A．virtual B．ineffective C．day-to-day D．on-the-scene 65．A．opinion B．risk C．performance D．attractiveness
In the 1960s，Douglas McGregor，one of the key thinkers in the art of management，developed the mow famous Theory X and Theory Y．Theory X is the idea that people instinctively （51） ____ work and will do anything to avoid it．Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work．
In any case，despite so much evidence to the （52） ____ ，many managers still agree to Theory X．They believe，（53） ____ ，that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively，or that decisions must be imposed from （54） ____ without consultation．This，of course，makes for authoritarian （专制的） managers．
Different cultures have different ways of （55） ____ people．Unlike authoritarian management，some cultures，particularly in Asia，are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making-all members of the department or work group are asked to （56） ____ to this process．This is management by the collective opinion．Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things，which are based on general （57） ____ ．Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional （58） ____ managers cannot．
A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative，to make decisions on their own without（59） ____ managers first．This empowerment （授权） has been part of the trend towards downsizing：（60） ____ the number of management layers in companies．After de-layering in this way，a company may be （61） ____ with just a top level of senior managers，front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public．Empowerment takes the idea of delegation （委托） much further than has （62） ____ been the case．Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to （63） ____ that the overall business plan is being followed，and that operations become more profitable under the new organization，rather than less．
Another trend is off-site or （64） ____ management，where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses．Project managers evaluate the （65） ____ of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects，rather than the amount of time they spend on them．
In any case，despite so much evidence to the （52） ____ ，many managers still agree to Theory X．They believe，（53） ____ ，that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively，or that decisions must be imposed from （54） ____ without consultation．This，of course，makes for authoritarian （专制的） managers．
Different cultures have different ways of （55） ____ people．Unlike authoritarian management，some cultures，particularly in Asia，are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making-all members of the department or work group are asked to （56） ____ to this process．This is management by the collective opinion．Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things，which are based on general （57） ____ ．Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional （58） ____ managers cannot．
A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative，to make decisions on their own without（59） ____ managers first．This empowerment （授权） has been part of the trend towards downsizing：（60） ____ the number of management layers in companies．After de-layering in this way，a company may be （61） ____ with just a top level of senior managers，front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public．Empowerment takes the idea of delegation （委托） much further than has （62） ____ been the case．Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to （63） ____ that the overall business plan is being followed，and that operations become more profitable under the new organization，rather than less．
Another trend is off-site or （64） ____ management，where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses．Project managers evaluate the （65） ____ of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects，rather than the amount of time they spend on them．
| 51．A．desire | B．seek | C．lose | D．dislike |
| 52．A．contrary | B．expectation | C．degree | D．extreme |
| 53．A．vice versa | B．for example | C．however | D．otherwise |
| 54．A．outside | B．inside | C．below | D．above |
| 55．A．replacing | B．assessing | C．managing | D．encouraging |
| 56．A．refer | B．contribute | C．object | D．apply |
| 57．A．agreement | B．practice | C．election | D．impression |
| 58．A．bossy | B．experienced | C．western | D．male |
| 59．A．asking | B．training | C．warning | D．firing |
| 60．A．doubling | B．maintaining | C．reducing | D．estimating |
| 61．A．honoured | B．left | C．crowded | D．compared |
| 62．A．economically | B．traditionally | C．inadequately | D．occasionally |
| 63．A．deny | B．admit | C．assume | D．ensure |
| 64．A．virtual | B．ineffective | C．day-to-day | D．on-the-scene |
| 65．A．opinion | B．risk | C．performance | D．attractiveness |
题目解答
答案
51-55 DABDC 56-60 BADAC 61-65 BBDAC
51．D desire 需求，欲望；seek 寻找； lose 失去，丢失； dislike 不喜欢．本句简单介绍了X理论，由后半句and will do anything to avoid it可以推知，人们本能地_______工作，这里应该是dislike．
52．A many managers still agree to Theory X（管理者们仍然同意X理论），由despite…still关键词可知，即使有很多关于Y理论的有力证据，管理者仍然坚持X理论，因而，空格处代表的是"Y理论"，即是X理论的相反，故选contrary．
53．B vice versa 反之亦然；for example，比如；however 然而；otherwise 否则．根据整句内容，这里是顺势举例，没有转折的意思，因此为for example．
54．D 根据前后句的解释，X理论是一种赞同专制的理论，因此此处为above（上头，上面的阶级），表示决定impose（强加）自上头，在没有任何协商的情况下（without any consultation）．
55．C 由后文内容可知，不同的文化，有不同的管理人的办法，在这一点上，西方开始效仿东方国家．这里为managing．
56．B 根据文化常识，东方国家要求他人服从/奉献，因此all members of the department or work group are asked to （56）____to this process．此处为contribute to…，选项为B．
57．A 根据文化常识推理，东方国家是在普遍的认可下做出决定，因此此处西方国家效仿东方国家，所作的决定是基于普遍的认同下的，Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things，which are based on general （57）_____．此处为agreement．
58．D Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional （58）___ managers cannot．此处指出女性能够成为效率更高的管理者，因为她们有让人达到共同目标的手段，这里存在男性和女性的对比，that引导定语从句，表示"男性没有的一种力量"，因而为male．
59．A 由前一句可知to encourage employees to use their own initiative（鼓励员工的主动性），因此后一句表达"不需要征询管理者的同意"，征询，asking．
60．C 此句关键字为downsizing（精简，裁员），因而冒号后为解释前句的意思，因此为reducing（减少）．
61．B 后一句为After de-layering in this way的结果，可知结果是"只剩下了最高的高级管理者，最前沿的管理者以及直接接触公众的雇员（a top level of senior managers，front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public），答案B．
62．B Empowerment takes the idea of delegation （委托） much further than has （62）___been the case．比起传统中自己处理事情，授权更多地采用委托他人来解决事情．根据句意，应为traditionally．
63．D deny否定，admit 承认，assume 夺取，假定，ensure 确保；此处提到授权的好处，应该是"确保"，答案为D．
64．A virtual虚拟的，ineffective无效的，day-to-day 日复一日的，on-the-scene 现场的，根据后文内容，teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses，可知是虚拟的．
65．C opinion 意见，risk 风险，performance 表现，attractiveness 吸引力，本句句意是"管理者对员工的表现的考核是根据他们为项目作出的贡献，而不是他们在上面所花的时间"，因而答案为C．
51．D desire 需求，欲望；seek 寻找； lose 失去，丢失； dislike 不喜欢．本句简单介绍了X理论，由后半句and will do anything to avoid it可以推知，人们本能地_______工作，这里应该是dislike．
52．A many managers still agree to Theory X（管理者们仍然同意X理论），由despite…still关键词可知，即使有很多关于Y理论的有力证据，管理者仍然坚持X理论，因而，空格处代表的是"Y理论"，即是X理论的相反，故选contrary．
53．B vice versa 反之亦然；for example，比如；however 然而；otherwise 否则．根据整句内容，这里是顺势举例，没有转折的意思，因此为for example．
54．D 根据前后句的解释，X理论是一种赞同专制的理论，因此此处为above（上头，上面的阶级），表示决定impose（强加）自上头，在没有任何协商的情况下（without any consultation）．
55．C 由后文内容可知，不同的文化，有不同的管理人的办法，在这一点上，西方开始效仿东方国家．这里为managing．
56．B 根据文化常识，东方国家要求他人服从/奉献，因此all members of the department or work group are asked to （56）____to this process．此处为contribute to…，选项为B．
57．A 根据文化常识推理，东方国家是在普遍的认可下做出决定，因此此处西方国家效仿东方国家，所作的决定是基于普遍的认同下的，Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things，which are based on general （57）_____．此处为agreement．
58．D Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional （58）___ managers cannot．此处指出女性能够成为效率更高的管理者，因为她们有让人达到共同目标的手段，这里存在男性和女性的对比，that引导定语从句，表示"男性没有的一种力量"，因而为male．
59．A 由前一句可知to encourage employees to use their own initiative（鼓励员工的主动性），因此后一句表达"不需要征询管理者的同意"，征询，asking．
60．C 此句关键字为downsizing（精简，裁员），因而冒号后为解释前句的意思，因此为reducing（减少）．
61．B 后一句为After de-layering in this way的结果，可知结果是"只剩下了最高的高级管理者，最前沿的管理者以及直接接触公众的雇员（a top level of senior managers，front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public），答案B．
62．B Empowerment takes the idea of delegation （委托） much further than has （62）___been the case．比起传统中自己处理事情，授权更多地采用委托他人来解决事情．根据句意，应为traditionally．
63．D deny否定，admit 承认，assume 夺取，假定，ensure 确保；此处提到授权的好处，应该是"确保"，答案为D．
64．A virtual虚拟的，ineffective无效的，day-to-day 日复一日的，on-the-scene 现场的，根据后文内容，teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses，可知是虚拟的．
65．C opinion 意见，risk 风险，performance 表现，attractiveness 吸引力，本句句意是"管理者对员工的表现的考核是根据他们为项目作出的贡献，而不是他们在上面所花的时间"，因而答案为C．