题目
Researchers from a U.K.plant research institute have found a way to provide plants with an antibody-based defense for a specific threat，potentially speeding the creation of crops resistant to any kind of emerging virus，or bacterium （细菌）.The strategy is to inoculate a protein from the plant pathogen （ 病 原 体 ） to be targeted to a camel or other camel relatives，purify the unusually small antibodies the camels produce，and engineer the corresponding gene section for them into a plant's own immune gene.Farmers lose many billions of dollars to plant diseases each year，and emerging pathogens pose new threats to food security in the developing world.Plants have evolved their own immune system，kick-started by cell receptors that recognize general pathogen features，such as a bacterial cell wall，as well as intracellular receptors for molecules （分子） produced by specific pathogens.If a plant cell detects these molecules，it may trigger its own death to save the rest of the plant.But plant pathogens often evolve and escape from those receptors. A long-standing dream in plant biotechnology is to create designer disease resistance genes that could be produced as fast as pathogens emerge.One approach is to edit the gene for a plant immune receptor，changing the protein's shape to recognize a particular pathogenic molecule. Instead，Sophien Kamoun，a molecular biologist at the Sainsbury Laboratory，and his colleagues used an animal immune system to help make the receptor adjustments.During an infection with a new pathogen，animals produce billions of slightly different antibodies，ultimately selecting and mass-producing those that best target the virus. Camelids，which include camels，are workhorses for antibody design because their immune systems create unusually small versions，called nano-bodies.As a proof of principle of the new plant defense strategy，Kamoun's group turned to two standard camelid nano-bodies that recognize two different molecules，including one called green fluorescent protein （GFP），to detect test viruses，in this case a potato virus，engineered to make the fluorescent proteins.They investigated how well plants with the nano-body-enhanced receptors detected the changed potato viruses.It was found that the plants increased an active immune response and experienced almost no viral reproduction. "The exciting part about this technology is that we have the potential of made-to-order resistance genes and keeping up with a pathogen，" Kamoun says. "This technology is a potential game changer，" says Jeff Dangl，a plant researcher at the University of North Carolina.Ksenia Krasileva，a scientist at the University of California，Berkeley，says the mixture of nano-bodies with plant immune receptors opens up a vast body of biomedical knowledge for plant scientists. "We can now dig into all of that research and translate it to save crops."（1）What does the underlined word "inoculate" in Paragraph 1 probably mean？ ____ A.Compare.B.Restore.C.Introduce.D.Label.（2）What is the main purpose of Paragraph 2？ ____ A.To illustrate the function of cells in saving the plant.B.To explain how to strengthen plant receptors effectively.C.To demonstrate the solutions to farmers' annual heavy losses.D.To reveal why plants fail to handle constantly-updated diseases.（3）What can we learn from the passage？ ____ A.Editing plant receptors is to match the shape of pathogens.B.Nano-bodies can help plants catch up with pathogen changes.C.Plants select the best antibodies from animals to fight viruses.D.Plants with nano-bodies respond actively in massive virus copying.（4）According to the passage，scientists will ____ .A.apply the outcome in the real worldB.prove the findings of resistance genesC.identify similar means to fight diseasesD.seek more support for the new strategy
Researchers from a U.K.plant research institute have found a way to provide plants with an antibody-based defense for a specific threat，potentially speeding the creation of crops resistant to any kind of emerging virus，or bacterium （细菌）.The strategy is to inoculate a protein from the plant pathogen （ 病 原 体 ） to be targeted to a camel or other camel relatives，purify the unusually small antibodies the camels produce，and engineer the corresponding gene section for them into a plant's own immune gene.
Farmers lose many billions of dollars to plant diseases each year，and emerging pathogens pose new threats to food security in the developing world.Plants have evolved their own immune system，kick-started by cell receptors that recognize general pathogen features，such as a bacterial cell wall，as well as intracellular receptors for molecules （分子） produced by specific pathogens.If a plant cell detects these molecules，it may trigger its own death to save the rest of the plant.But plant pathogens often evolve and escape from those receptors.
A long-standing dream in plant biotechnology is to create designer disease resistance genes that could be produced as fast as pathogens emerge.One approach is to edit the gene for a plant immune receptor，changing the protein's shape to recognize a particular pathogenic molecule.
Instead，Sophien Kamoun，a molecular biologist at the Sainsbury Laboratory，and his colleagues used an animal immune system to help make the receptor adjustments.During an infection with a new pathogen，animals produce billions of slightly different antibodies，ultimately selecting and mass-producing those that best target the virus.
Camelids，which include camels，are workhorses for antibody design because their immune systems create unusually small versions，called nano-bodies.As a proof of principle of the new plant defense strategy，Kamoun's group turned to two standard camelid nano-bodies that recognize two different molecules，including one called green fluorescent protein （GFP），to detect test viruses，in this case a potato virus，engineered to make the fluorescent proteins.They investigated how well plants with the nano-body-enhanced receptors detected the changed potato viruses.It was found that the plants increased an active immune response and experienced almost no viral reproduction.
"The exciting part about this technology is that we have the potential of made-to-order resistance genes and keeping up with a pathogen，" Kamoun says. "This technology is a potential game changer，" says Jeff Dangl，a plant researcher at the University of North Carolina.Ksenia Krasileva，a scientist at the University of California，Berkeley，says the mixture of nano-bodies with plant immune receptors opens up a vast body of biomedical knowledge for plant scientists. "We can now dig into all of that research and translate it to save crops."
（1）What does the underlined word "inoculate" in Paragraph 1 probably mean？ ____
A.Compare.
B.Restore.
C.Introduce.
D.Label.
（2）What is the main purpose of Paragraph 2？ ____
A.To illustrate the function of cells in saving the plant.
B.To explain how to strengthen plant receptors effectively.
C.To demonstrate the solutions to farmers' annual heavy losses.
D.To reveal why plants fail to handle constantly-updated diseases.
（3）What can we learn from the passage？ ____
A.Editing plant receptors is to match the shape of pathogens.
B.Nano-bodies can help plants catch up with pathogen changes.
C.Plants select the best antibodies from animals to fight viruses.
D.Plants with nano-bodies respond actively in massive virus copying.
（4）According to the passage，scientists will ____ .
A.apply the outcome in the real world
B.prove the findings of resistance genes
C.identify similar means to fight diseases
D.seek more support for the new strategy
Farmers lose many billions of dollars to plant diseases each year，and emerging pathogens pose new threats to food security in the developing world.Plants have evolved their own immune system，kick-started by cell receptors that recognize general pathogen features，such as a bacterial cell wall，as well as intracellular receptors for molecules （分子） produced by specific pathogens.If a plant cell detects these molecules，it may trigger its own death to save the rest of the plant.But plant pathogens often evolve and escape from those receptors.
A long-standing dream in plant biotechnology is to create designer disease resistance genes that could be produced as fast as pathogens emerge.One approach is to edit the gene for a plant immune receptor，changing the protein's shape to recognize a particular pathogenic molecule.
Instead，Sophien Kamoun，a molecular biologist at the Sainsbury Laboratory，and his colleagues used an animal immune system to help make the receptor adjustments.During an infection with a new pathogen，animals produce billions of slightly different antibodies，ultimately selecting and mass-producing those that best target the virus.
Camelids，which include camels，are workhorses for antibody design because their immune systems create unusually small versions，called nano-bodies.As a proof of principle of the new plant defense strategy，Kamoun's group turned to two standard camelid nano-bodies that recognize two different molecules，including one called green fluorescent protein （GFP），to detect test viruses，in this case a potato virus，engineered to make the fluorescent proteins.They investigated how well plants with the nano-body-enhanced receptors detected the changed potato viruses.It was found that the plants increased an active immune response and experienced almost no viral reproduction.
"The exciting part about this technology is that we have the potential of made-to-order resistance genes and keeping up with a pathogen，" Kamoun says. "This technology is a potential game changer，" says Jeff Dangl，a plant researcher at the University of North Carolina.Ksenia Krasileva，a scientist at the University of California，Berkeley，says the mixture of nano-bodies with plant immune receptors opens up a vast body of biomedical knowledge for plant scientists. "We can now dig into all of that research and translate it to save crops."
（1）What does the underlined word "inoculate" in Paragraph 1 probably mean？ ____
A.Compare.
B.Restore.
C.Introduce.
D.Label.
（2）What is the main purpose of Paragraph 2？ ____
A.To illustrate the function of cells in saving the plant.
B.To explain how to strengthen plant receptors effectively.
C.To demonstrate the solutions to farmers' annual heavy losses.
D.To reveal why plants fail to handle constantly-updated diseases.
（3）What can we learn from the passage？ ____
A.Editing plant receptors is to match the shape of pathogens.
B.Nano-bodies can help plants catch up with pathogen changes.
C.Plants select the best antibodies from animals to fight viruses.
D.Plants with nano-bodies respond actively in massive virus copying.
（4）According to the passage，scientists will ____ .
A.apply the outcome in the real world
B.prove the findings of resistance genes
C.identify similar means to fight diseases
D.seek more support for the new strategy
题目解答
答案
（1）词句猜测题。根据划线词下文a protein from the plant pathogen （病原体） to be targeted to a camel or other camel relatives，purify the unusually small antibodies the camels produce，and engineer the corresponding gene section for them into a plant's own immune gene（将植物病原体中的一种蛋白质接种到骆驼或其他骆驼亲属，纯化骆驼产生的异常小的抗体，并将其相应的基因片段转化为植物自身的免疫基因）可知，要纯化骆驼产生的异常小的抗体，并将相应的基因片段设计成植物自身的免疫基因，需要把一种来自植物病原体的蛋白质引入到骆驼或其他骆驼的近亲身上，故划线词意思是"引入"。A.Compare.比较；B.Restore.恢复；C.Introduce.引进；D.Label.贴标签。故选C。
（2）目的意图题。根据第二段Farmers lose many billions of dollars to plant diseases each year，and emerging pathogens pose new threats to food security in the developing world.Plants have evolved their own immune system，kick-started by cell receptors that recognize general pathogen features，such as a bacterial cell wall，as well as intracellular receptors for molecules （分子） produced by specific pathogens.If a plant cell detects these molecules，it may trigger its own death to save the rest of the plant.But plant pathogens often evolve and escape from those receptors.（农民每年因植物病害损失数十亿美元，新出现的病原体对发展中国家的粮食安全构成了新的威胁。植物已经进化出了自己的免疫系统，由识别一般病原体特征（如细菌细胞壁）的细胞受体以及识别特定病原体产生的分子的细胞内受体启动。如果一个植物细胞检测到这些分子，它可能会触发自己的死亡，以拯救植物的其余部分。但植物病原体经常进化并逃离这些受体）可推知，第二段的主要目的是揭示为什么植物不能应对不断更新的疾病。故选D。
（3）细节理解题。根据最后一段"The exciting part about this technology is that we have the potential of made-to-order resistance genes and keeping up with a pathogen，" Kamoun says.（ Kamoun说："这项技术令人兴奋的部分是，我们有可能定制抗性基因，并跟上病原体的步伐。"）可知，纳米体可以帮助植物跟上病原体的变化。故选B。
（4）细节理解题。根据最后一段Ksenia Krasileva，a scientist at the University of California，Berkeley，says the mixture of nano-bodies with plant immune receptors opens up a vast body of biomedical knowledge for plant scientists. "We can now dig into all of that research and translate it to save crops."（加州大学伯克利分校的科学家Ksenia Krasileva说，纳米体与植物免疫受体的混合为植物科学家开辟了一个庞大的生物医学知识体系。"我们现在可以深入研究所有这些研究，并将其转化为拯救作物。"）可知，科学家将把研究结果应用到现实世界中。故选A。
（2）目的意图题。根据第二段Farmers lose many billions of dollars to plant diseases each year，and emerging pathogens pose new threats to food security in the developing world.Plants have evolved their own immune system，kick-started by cell receptors that recognize general pathogen features，such as a bacterial cell wall，as well as intracellular receptors for molecules （分子） produced by specific pathogens.If a plant cell detects these molecules，it may trigger its own death to save the rest of the plant.But plant pathogens often evolve and escape from those receptors.（农民每年因植物病害损失数十亿美元，新出现的病原体对发展中国家的粮食安全构成了新的威胁。植物已经进化出了自己的免疫系统，由识别一般病原体特征（如细菌细胞壁）的细胞受体以及识别特定病原体产生的分子的细胞内受体启动。如果一个植物细胞检测到这些分子，它可能会触发自己的死亡，以拯救植物的其余部分。但植物病原体经常进化并逃离这些受体）可推知，第二段的主要目的是揭示为什么植物不能应对不断更新的疾病。故选D。
（3）细节理解题。根据最后一段"The exciting part about this technology is that we have the potential of made-to-order resistance genes and keeping up with a pathogen，" Kamoun says.（ Kamoun说："这项技术令人兴奋的部分是，我们有可能定制抗性基因，并跟上病原体的步伐。"）可知，纳米体可以帮助植物跟上病原体的变化。故选B。
（4）细节理解题。根据最后一段Ksenia Krasileva，a scientist at the University of California，Berkeley，says the mixture of nano-bodies with plant immune receptors opens up a vast body of biomedical knowledge for plant scientists. "We can now dig into all of that research and translate it to save crops."（加州大学伯克利分校的科学家Ksenia Krasileva说，纳米体与植物免疫受体的混合为植物科学家开辟了一个庞大的生物医学知识体系。"我们现在可以深入研究所有这些研究，并将其转化为拯救作物。"）可知，科学家将把研究结果应用到现实世界中。故选A。
解析
步骤 1：理解“inoculate”的含义
根据上下文，"inoculate"的意思是将一种蛋白质引入到骆驼或其他骆驼的近亲体内，以产生抗体。因此，"inoculate"的意思是“引入”。
步骤 2：分析第二段的主要目的
第二段主要解释了植物的免疫系统如何工作，以及为什么植物不能有效应对不断更新的病原体。因此，第二段的主要目的是揭示为什么植物不能应对不断更新的疾病。
步骤 3：理解纳米体的作用
纳米体是骆驼等动物免疫系统产生的异常小的抗体。通过将纳米体与植物免疫受体混合，可以增强植物的免疫反应，从而帮助植物应对病原体的变化。
步骤 4：科学家的未来计划
科学家们将把研究结果应用到现实世界中，以帮助植物抵抗病原体，从而保护作物。
根据上下文，"inoculate"的意思是将一种蛋白质引入到骆驼或其他骆驼的近亲体内，以产生抗体。因此，"inoculate"的意思是“引入”。
步骤 2：分析第二段的主要目的
第二段主要解释了植物的免疫系统如何工作，以及为什么植物不能有效应对不断更新的病原体。因此，第二段的主要目的是揭示为什么植物不能应对不断更新的疾病。
步骤 3：理解纳米体的作用
纳米体是骆驼等动物免疫系统产生的异常小的抗体。通过将纳米体与植物免疫受体混合，可以增强植物的免疫反应，从而帮助植物应对病原体的变化。
步骤 4：科学家的未来计划
科学家们将把研究结果应用到现实世界中，以帮助植物抵抗病原体，从而保护作物。