VLSI——very-large-scale integrated超大规模集成单词填空1、______software is designed to accomplish real-worldtasks in fields.2、An 8-bit signed integer can have any value between______and________3、______controls the computer and enables it to run the hardware and applications software.4、A computer system consists of______and________5、List four types computers:______(简答题)翻译1、By using various coding techniques, groups of bits made to represent not only binary but also other discrete symbols.通过应用各种编码技术，一组二进制[1]不仅可以表示二进制数据还可以表示其他离散符号。2、System software includes not only the complex programs used by technicians to create application software in the first place but also the organizational programs needed to start up the computer and govern its use of other programs.系统软件不仅包括专业人员用于创建应用软件的复杂程序，它还包括用于启动计算机和提供给其他应用程序使用的管理程序。3、Data are numbers and other binary-code information thatare operated on to achieve required computational results.数据是数字和其他二进制编码信息，这些二进制代码是可操作并能满足要求的计算结果。4、Rather than arithmetically or logically manipulating character, a computer may concatenate strings of character, replace some character with others, or otherwise manipulate character strings.计算机可能把字符连接成串，用其他的字符替换或用其他的方法处理字符，而不是用算术的或逻辑的方法处理。5、software applications like word processing,electronic spreadsheets, database management programs, painting, and drawing programs, desktop publishing, and so forth became commercially available, givingmore people reasons to use a computer.像文字处理、电子表格、数据库管理程序、画图程序及桌面印刷等软件应用起到一定的商业效力，使更多的人去使用计算机。Chapter2单词memory subsystem存储子系统I/O subsystem输入输出子系统bus总线system bus系统总线chip芯片address bus地址总线[2]instructions指令memory location存储单元[3]data bus数据总线[4]control bus控制总线[5]local bus局部总线microprocessor微处理器[6]register set寄存器[7]组clock cycle时钟周期[8]control unit控制器computer architecture计算机体系结构[9]instruction format指令格式[10]addressing modes寻址方式[11]instruction set指令集internal memory内存main memory主存secondary storage辅助存储器[12]virtual memory虚拟存储器[13]refresh circuitry刷新电路[14]cache memory高速缓冲存储器[15]ultraviolet light紫外线memory hierarchy存储器体系结构auxiliary memory辅助存储器storage capacity存储容量[16]keyboard键盘alphanumeric key字母数字键function key功能键cursor key光标键numeric keypad数字键mouse鼠标touch screens触摸屏infrared ray红外线monitor监视器display screen显示屏laser printer激光打印机ink-jet printer喷墨打印机dot-matrix printer点阵式打印机modem调制解调器[17]input-output interface接口peripheral外部设备interrupt中断program counter程序计数器[18]vectored interrupt向量中断[19]nonvectored interrupt非向量中断interrupt vector中断向量[20]timeout缩略词1、BIOS——Basic-Input-Output System基本输入输出系统[21]2、DMA——Direct-Memory-Access直接存储器出存取3、RAM——Random-Access-Memory随机存取[22]存储器4、ROM——Read-Only-Memory只读存储器[23]5、DRAM——Dynamic RAM动态RAM6、SRAM——Static RAM静态RAM7、masked ROM掩模ROM8、PROM——可编程ROM9、EPROM——可擦写ROM10、EEPROM——电可擦写ROM单词填空1、The computer hardware consists of three major parts which are theCPU, the memory subsystem, and________2、There are two major types of memory: Random Access Memory(RAM) and________3、The cache memory in personal computers is constructed from________4、______provides a method for transferring information between internal storage and external I/O devices.5、Data transfer between the central computer and I/O devices may be handle in a variety of modes. These modes are programmed I/O, interrupts and________简答题How many levels of memory hierarchy do you know? Name at least three of them.Identify the types of data transfer modes.Programmed I/O, interrupts and Direct Memory Access(DMA)翻译1、By asserting these internal and external control signals in the proper sequence, the control unit causes the CPU and the rest of the computer to perform the operation needed to correctly process instructions.为了保证内部和外部控制信号的序列正确，控制单元保证CPU和计算机的其他部件提供需要正确执行的指令操作。2、Ina computer with virtual memory, less-used parts of programs are shifted from RAM to a hard disk and are moved back only when needed.在使用了虚拟存储器的计算机中，很少使用的程序从RAM移到硬盘中，仅在需要时才被移回来。3、A technique used to compensate for the mismatch in operating speeds is to employ an extremely fast, small cache between the CPU and main memory whose access time is close to processor logic clock cycle time.为了弥补操作速度的不匹配，在CPU和主存之间采用非常快且小的缓存。它的存取时间[24]接近于处理器的逻辑时钟周期。4、The data transfer rate of peripherals is usually slowly than the rate of the CPU, and consequently, a synchronization mechanism may be needed.外设的数据传输[25]速率通常比CPU的传输速率慢，因此需要一个儿童部装置。5、In some computers the interrupt vector is an address that points to a location in memory where the beginning of the I/O service routine is stored.在一些计算机中，中断向量是一个地址，它指向存储器中存储I/O服务程序起始地址的单元。Chapter 4单词algorithm算法parallel algorithm并行算法[26]primitive原语syntax语法semantics语义[27]pseudocode伪码[28]exhaustive search穷举搜索[29]divided-and-conqueralgorithm分治[30]算法dynamic programming动态规划bottom-up自下而上top-down自上而下array数组one-dimensional array一维数组two-dimensional array二维数组pointers指针program counter程序技术器instruction pointer指令指针list列表linked list链表[31]singly-linked list单向链表doubly-linked list双向链表[32]circularly-linked list循环链表stack栈push压栈pop出栈stack pointer栈指针queue队列tree树root根level层次degree of a node节点的度depth of a tree树的深度binary tree二叉树[33]traversal遍历M-way search treeM向搜索树缩略词FIFO——First In/First Out先进先出LIFO——Last In/First Out后进先出简答题Name at least four of algorithmic techniques.(1)Brute-force Algorithms(2)Divided-and-Conquer Algorithms(3)Dynamic Programming(4)Greedy Algorithms(5)Randomized AlgorithmsHow many classes of datastructures do you know? Name at least four of them.(1)Arrays(2)Lists(3)Linked List