Crash barrier碰撞护栏翻译：临时悬臂通常用于建设。部分建成结构创建一个悬臂。，但完成结构并不作为一个悬臂。这是非常有用的当临时支架，或支架，不能用来支持结构，它正在建立（例如，在一个繁忙的道路或河流，或在冷泉谷）。所以一些桁架拱桥是建立从每侧悬臂直到跨越达到彼此然后顶除了强调他们在压缩之前最后加入。几乎所有的斜拉桥采用悬臂这是他们的一个主要优点。许多箱梁桥分段建造，或短。这种建筑类型有助于平衡悬臂施工的桥梁是建立在两个方向从一个单一的支持。第四课原文：A floor is the walking surface of a room or vehicle. Floors vary from simple dirt in a cave to many-layered surfaces using modern technology. Floors may be stone, woos, bamboo, metal,or any material that can hold a person's weight. The levels of a building are often referred to as floors and are described in the articlestorey.This article describes the structure of floors.Floors typically consist of a subfloor for support and a floor covering used to give a good walking surface. In modern buildings the subfloor often has electrical wiring, plumbing, and other services built in. Because floors meet many needs, some essential to safety, floors are built to strict building codes. Where a special floor structure like a floating floor is laid upon another floor then both nay be referred to as subfloors.翻译：一楼是一个房间或车辆行走的表面。楼层不同从简单的污垢山洞中多层次的表面使用现代技术。地板可能是石，求爱，竹，金属，或任何材料，可容纳一个人的体重。各级建筑通常是指地板和文章中描述层。本文介绍的结构层。地板通常由一个底层地板和地板覆盖物为支持，用来提供一个良好的表面行走。在现代建筑的底层地板往往有电线，水暖，和其他服务建设。因为地板满足许多需求，一些基本的安全，地面是建立严格的建筑法规。在一个特殊的地板结构像一个浮动地板铺设后，另一层则不称为底层地板。Lesson FiveA column in structural engineering is a vertical structural element that transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements below. For the purpose of wind or earthquake engineering, columns may be designed to resist lateral forces. Other compression members are often termed "columns" because of the similar stress conditions. Columns are frequently used to support beams or arches on which the upper parts of walls or ceilings rest. In architecture "column" refers to such a structural element that also has certain proportional and decorative features. A column might also be a decorative or triumphant feature but need nor be supporting any structure e.g. A statue on top.一列在结构工程是一个垂直结构元素传输，通过压缩，结构重量以上的其他结构元件下面。用于风或地震工程，列可能被设计抵抗侧向力。其他压缩成员经常被称为“柱”，因为类似的应力条件。列经常被用来支持梁或拱门，上部分墙壁或天花板上休息。在建筑“列”是指这样的一个结构性的因素，也有一定的比例和装饰功能。一列可能也有装饰或胜利的特征，但需要也不支持任何结构如雕像上。第六课：In physics ,the concept of force is used to describe how a mass is affected，be it in form of acceleration or mechanical stress.Force can also be described by intuitive concepts such as a push or pull that can cause an object withmassto change itsvelocity(which includes to begin moving from astate of rest), i.e., toaccelerate, or which can cause a flexible object todeform. Thrust is any force which increases the velocity of the object. Drag is any force which decreases the velocity of any object.The tendency of a force to cause changes in rotational speed about an axis is called torque.Force has both magnitude and direction,making it a vector quantity.Newton’s second law states that an object with a constant mass will accelerate in proportion to the net force acting upon and in inverse proportion to its mass.翻译：在物理学中，力的概念是用来描述如何大规模的影响，它在形式的加速或机械应力。也可以说是由直观的概念，如推或拉，会导致一个有质量的物体改变其速度（其中包括开始移动从静止状态），即，加速，或可使柔性物体变形。推力是任何力量，增加物体的速度。拖动任何力量下降的速度的任何物体。该趋势的力量造成改变转速的轴被称为扭矩。力有大小和方向，使它成为一个向量的数量。牛顿第一定律指出，一个物体的质量将不断加快的比例的净力和成反比的群众。第七课：Framing, in construction known aslight-frame construction, is a building technique based around vertical structural members, usually called________, which provide a stable frame to which interior and exterior________coverings are attached, and covered by a________comprising horizontal ceiling________and sloping________(together forming a truss structure) or manufactured pre-fabricated roof trusses-all of which are covered by various sheathing materials to give weather resistance.Modern light-frame structures usually gain strength from rigid panels (________and other plywood-like composites such as OSB) used to form all or part of wall sections,but until recently________employed various forms of diagonal bracing(called“________”) to stabilize walls. Diagonal bracing remains a vital interior part of many roof systems, and in-wall wind bracesare required by building codes in many municipalities or by individual________in the United States.翻译：构架系统，称为轻型框架结构，是建筑技术在垂直结构的成员，通常称为螺柱，它提供了一个稳定的框架，内外墙覆盖连接，和覆盖的屋顶由水平天花板搁栅和斜椽（共同形成一个桁架结构）或制造的预制屋顶trusses-all其中是由各种护套材料给耐候性。现代轻型结构通常获得力量的刚性板（胶合板和胶合板样的复合材料，如定向刨花板）用来形成的全部或部分墙段，但直到最近，木匠采用各种形式的斜撑（称为“风声”）稳定墙壁。斜撑，仍然是一个重要的内部部分许多屋顶系统，并在风撑所要求的建筑规范在许多城市或州的法律在美国。第八课：A construction project is a complex net of________and other legal obligations, each of which must be carefully considered. A contract is the exchange of a set of obligations between two or more parties, but it is not so simple a matter as trying to get the other side to agree to as much as possible in exchange for as little as possible. The time element in construction means that a delay costs money, and in cases of bottlenecks, the delay can be extremely expensive. Thus, the contracts must be designed to ensure that each side is capable of performing the obligations set out. Contracts that set out clear expectations and clear paths to accomplishing those expectations are far more likely to result in the project flowing smoothly, whereas poorly drafted contracts lead to confusion and collapse.翻译：建设工程项目是一个复杂的网络的合同及其他法律义务，每一个都必须仔细考虑。合同交换是一套义务双方或多方之间，但它不是那么简单的问题，试图让对方同意尽可能多尽可能少的交换。时间因素在施工手段，延迟成本钱，并在案件的延迟瓶颈，可以是非常昂贵的。因此，合同的设计必须确保每一方能够执行规定的义务。合同规定，明确的期望，和清晰的路径实现这些期望的更有可能是造成项目的顺畅，而误签的合同导致混乱和崩溃。第九课：Cementis made by heating limestone（calcium carbonate）with small quantities of other materials (such as clay) to 1450°C in a kiln,in a process known as calcination,whereby a molecule of carbon dioxide is liberated from the calcium carbonate to form calcium oxide,or lime,which is then blended with the other materials that have been included in the mix.The resulting hard substance, called 'clinker,' is then ground with a small amount of gypsum into a powder to make 'Ordinary Portland Cement,' the most commonly used type of cement (often referred to as OPC).Portland cement is a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar and most non-speciality grout. The most common use for Portland cement is in the production of concrete.